[100+] Pharmaceutical Chemistry II MCQs & Answers {PDF}

1. Aspirin
2. Antibiotic
3. Antacid
4. Antihistamine

Ans. A

Aspirin is an example of an analgesic drug, which is used to relieve pain.

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Promotion of virus replication
3. Enhancement of blood clotting
4. Stimulation of immune response

Ans. A

Antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.

1. Diarrhea
2. Drowsiness
3. Allergic reactions
4. Headache

Ans. A

Diarrhea is a common side effect of antacids, which can result from changes in gastric pH.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antihistamines
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Antihistamines are used to treat allergies and allergic reactions by blocking the effects of histamine.

1. Kill bacteria
2. Kill fungi
3. Kill viruses
4. Inhibit viral replication

Ans. D

Antiviral drugs primarily work by inhibiting viral replication within the host’s cells.

1. Blocking calcium channels
2. Inhibiting angiotensin II formation
3. Enhancing norepinephrine release
4. Promoting vasodilation

Ans. B

ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure.

1. Antipyretic
2. Antidepressant
3. Anticoagulant
4. Statins

Ans. D

Statins are commonly used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

1. Acetaminophen
2. Ibuprofen
3. Aspirin
4. Warfarin

Ans. B

Ibuprofen is an NSAID used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antihistamines
4. Antidiabetic drugs (e.g., metformin)

Ans. D

Antidiabetic drugs like metformin are used to treat type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose production by the liver.

1. Diarrhea
2. Sedation
3. Hyperactivity
4. Increased heart rate

Ans. B

Sedation is a common side effect of opioid analgesics, as they can depress the central nervous system.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antihypertensives
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. B

Antacids are used to treat acid-related disorders by neutralizing stomach acid.

1. Hypertension
2. Bleeding
3. Insomnia
4. Weight gain

Ans. B

A common side effect of anticoagulants is bleeding, as they inhibit blood clotting.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders and panic attacks.

1. Increasing seizure activity
2. Reducing brain activity
3. Enhancing neurotransmitter release
4. Stabilizing neuronal membranes

Ans. D

Anti-seizure medications work by stabilizing neuronal membranes, which helps prevent abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

1. Antipyretics
2. Antacids
3. Antihistamines
4. Beta-blockers

Ans. D

Beta-blockers are used to lower blood pressure by blocking the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the heart and blood vessels.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals
4. Antifungals

Ans. A

Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, leading to bacterial cell death or growth inhibition.

1. Enhancing viral replication
2. Inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis
3. Inhibiting fungal cell membrane synthesis
4. Blocking histamine release

Ans. C

Antifungal drugs like fluconazole work by inhibiting fungal cell membrane synthesis, disrupting the integrity of the fungal cell membrane.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)
4. Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate)

Ans. D

Stimulant medications like methylphenidate are used to treat ADHD by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.

1. Hypertension
2. Insomnia
3. Weight gain
4. Diarrhea

Ans. C

Weight gain is a common side effect of antipsychotic medications, which can lead to metabolic and cardiovascular issues.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antihistamines
4. Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)

Ans. D

Antidepressants like SSRIs are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety by affecting serotonin levels in the brain.

1. Antipyretics
2. Antacids
3. Antihistamines
4. Opioid analgesics

Ans. D

Opioid analgesics work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, providing pain relief.

1. Increased heart rate
2. Excessive bleeding
3. Cough
4. Weight loss

Ans. C

A common side effect of some antihypertensive medications is a persistent cough, particularly in the case of ACE inhibitors.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants (e.g., tricyclics)
4. Hypnotics and sedatives (e.g., benzodiazepines)

Ans. D

Hypnotics and sedatives, such as benzodiazepines, are commonly used to treat insomnia and promote sleep by affecting the central nervous system.

1. Antipyretics
2. Antacids
3. Antibiotics
4. Statins

Ans. D

Statins are commonly used to treat high cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is involved in cholesterol synthesis.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antihistamines
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Antihistamines are used to relieve allergic symptoms by blocking histamine receptors, reducing the effects of histamine in the body.

1. Weight loss
2. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
3. Increased blood pressure
4. Insomnia

Ans. B

A common side effect of antidiabetic drugs like sulfonylureas is hypoglycemia, which can occur if the medication lowers blood sugar too much.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants (e.g., TCAs)
4. Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin)

Ans. D

Anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin, are commonly used to treat seizures and epilepsy by stabilizing voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons.

1. Hypotension
2. Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels)
3. Excessive thirst
4. Frequent urination

Ans. D

Frequent urination is a common side effect of diuretic medications, as they increase urine production and fluid excretion.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used to treat GERD and peptic ulcers by reducing stomach acid production.

1. Weight gain
2. Bleeding
3. Hypertension
4. Fever

Ans. B

Bleeding is a common side effect of anticoagulant medications like heparin, as they reduce blood clotting ability.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol)
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Beta-agonists like albuterol are commonly used to treat asthma and COPD by relaxing and dilating the airway smooth muscles.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals
4. Antifungals

Ans. A

Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial DNA replication and transcription, which disrupts bacterial growth and reproduction.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)
4. Anxiolytics (e.g., benzodiazepines)

Ans. D

Anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines, are commonly used to treat anxiety and panic disorders by enhancing the effects of GABA in the brain.

1. Weight gain
2. Tachycardia
3. Excessive salivation
4. Neurological movement disorders (e.g., dystonia)

Ans. D

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are common side effects of antipsychotic medications and include neurological movement disorders such as dystonia.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron)
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Antiemetics, such as ondansetron, are commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting by blocking serotonin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and brain.

1. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
2. Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels)
3. Gastrointestinal irritation and ulcers
4. Insomnia

Ans. C

Gastrointestinal irritation and ulcers are common side effects of NSAIDs like ibuprofen, which can lead to digestive problems.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone)
4. Antipyretics

Ans. C

Corticosteroids like prednisone are commonly used to treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases by suppressing the immune response and reducing inflammation.

1. Hyperactivity
2. Photosensitivity
3. Hepatotoxicity (liver damage)
4. Weight loss

Ans. C

Hepatotoxicity, or liver damage, is a common side effect of antifungal medications like ketoconazole, and regular liver function monitoring is necessary during treatment.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
4. Antivirals

Ans. C

ACE inhibitors are commonly used to manage hypertension and heart failure by blocking the effects of angiotensin II on blood vessels and the heart.

1. Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
2. Neurological impairment
3. Cardiac arrhythmias
4. Nausea and vomiting

Ans. D

Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of antiviral medications used to treat viral infections, and these symptoms can occur as a result of medication or the viral illness itself.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Sucralfate
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Sucralfate is commonly used to treat acid-related disorders by coating the stomach lining and protecting it from acid damage.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin)
4. Antivirals

Ans. C

Antiplatelet agents, such as aspirin, are commonly used to reduce blood clot formation by inhibiting platelet aggregation.

1. Hyperactivity
2. Dizziness
3. Visual disturbances
4. Weight loss

Ans. B

Dizziness is a common side effect of antitussive medications, which can affect the central nervous system and cause sedation.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., allopurinol)
4. Antivirals

Ans. C

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors like allopurinol are commonly used to treat gout and hyperuricemia by reducing uric acid production.

1. Hypertension
2. Tachycardia
3. Hypokalemia (low potassium levels)
4. Weight gain

Ans. B

Tachycardia, or an elevated heart rate, is a common side effect of bronchodilator medications used to treat asthma and COPD.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antihistamines (e.g., dimenhydrinate)
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Antihistamines like dimenhydrinate are commonly used to treat motion sickness and nausea by blocking histamine action in the brain.

1. Hyperpigmentation
2. Photosensitivity
3. Thinning of the skin (skin atrophy)
4. Excessive hair growth

Ans. C

Thinning of the skin, or skin atrophy, is a common side effect of topical corticosteroid medications when used for extended periods.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antihistamines
4. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone)

Ans. D

Corticosteroids like prednisone are commonly used to treat inflammation and allergic reactions by suppressing the immune response and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators.

1. Hair loss
2. Gastrointestinal bleeding
3. Photosensitivity
4. Drug interactions with statins

Ans. C

Photosensitivity is a common side effect of antifungal medications like fluconazole, which can make the skin more sensitive to sunlight.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fever by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins in the body.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)
4. Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium)

Ans. D

Mood stabilizers like lithium are commonly used to treat bipolar disorder and mood disorders by stabilizing mood and preventing manic episodes.

1. Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels)
2. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
3. Increased appetite
4. Increased urination

Ans. D

Increased urination is a common side effect of diuretic medications, which help the body eliminate excess fluid and sodium through urine.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antipsychotics
4. Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate)

Ans. D

Stimulant medications like methylphenidate are commonly used to treat ADHD by enhancing the effects of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.

1. Weight loss
2. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
3. Uncontrolled, involuntary movements of the face and body
4. Hypertension

Ans. C

Tardive dyskinesia is a common side effect of antipsychotic medications and is characterized by uncontrolled, involuntary movements of the face and body.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants (e.g., SNRIs)
4. Antihistamines

Ans. C

Antidepressants like SNRIs are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety by affecting serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain.

1. Visual disturbances
2. Drowsiness
3. Gastrointestinal bleeding
4. Increased heart rate

Ans. B

Drowsiness is a common side effect of benzodiazepines, which have sedative properties and can cause drowsiness.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Non-opioid analgesics (e.g., NSAIDs)
4. Opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine)

Ans. D

Opioid analgesics like morphine are commonly used to treat chronic pain and moderate to severe pain by activating opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord.

1. Cough
2. Excessive thirst
3. Weight gain
4. Insomnia

Ans. A

A common side effect of ACE inhibitors is a persistent cough, particularly in some patients, and it may lead to discontinuation of the medication.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Hypnotics and sedatives (e.g., benzodiazepines)
4. Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)

Ans. C

Hypnotics and sedatives, including some benzodiazepines, are commonly used to treat insomnia and promote sleep by affecting the central nervous system and GABA receptors.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
4. Opioid analgesics

Ans. C

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fever by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX).

1. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
2. Bleeding
3. Increased appetite
4. Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels)

Ans. B

Bleeding is a common side effect of anticoagulant medications like warfarin, as they reduce the blood’s ability to clot.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine)
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. B

Antacids are commonly used to treat acid reflux and heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid, providing relief from acidity.

1. Constipation
2. Dizziness
3. Increased bowel movements
4. Hyperactivity

Ans. A

Constipation is a common side effect of antidiarrheal medications, as they slow down bowel motility to reduce diarrhea.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals
4. Antifungals

Ans. A

Antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, disrupting their ability to grow and reproduce.

1. Dizziness
2. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
3. Hyperprolactinemia
4. Weight gain and metabolic changes

Ans. D

Weight gain and metabolic changes are common side effects of antipsychotic medications and can contribute to health issues such as diabetes and cardiovascular problems.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals
4. Antifungals (e.g., azoles)

Ans. D

Antifungal medications like azoles are commonly used to treat fungal infections by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting their structure and function.

1. Weight loss
2. Drowsiness
3. Gastrointestinal bleeding
4. Excessive sweating

Ans. B

Drowsiness is a common side effect of benzodiazepines, which have sedative properties and can cause drowsiness and reduced alertness.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals
4. Antifungals

Ans. A

Antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria, causing the bacterial cell to weaken and burst.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals
4. Antifungals (e.g., polyenes)

Ans. D

Antifungal medications like polyenes are commonly used to treat fungal infections by binding to and disrupting fungal cell membranes, leading to cell death.

1. Insomnia
2. Bleeding
3. Excessive thirst
4. Constipation

Ans. B

Bleeding is a common side effect of anticoagulant medications like heparin, as they prevent blood clot formation.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil)
4. Antivirals

Ans. C

Calcium channel blockers like verapamil are commonly used to treat hypertension and angina by blocking calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels, leading to reduced cardiac workload and vasodilation.

1. Increased appetite
2. Hyperactivity
3. Photosensitivity
4. Drowsiness

Ans. D

Drowsiness is a common side effect of antihistamine medications used to relieve allergy symptoms, as they can affect the central nervous system and cause sedation.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals
4. Antithyroid agents (e.g., methimazole)

Ans. D

Antithyroid agents like methimazole are commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland.

1. Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels)
2. Dizziness
3. Constipation
4. Increased urination

Ans. D

Increased urination is a common side effect of diuretic medications, which help the body eliminate excess fluid and sodium through urine.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals (e.g., oseltamivir)
4. Antifungals

Ans. C

Antiviral medications like oseltamivir are commonly used to treat viral infections by inhibiting viral replication and release, reducing the severity and duration of the illness.

1. Hypertension
2. Tachycardia
3. Hypokalemia (low potassium levels)
4. Weight loss

Ans. B

Tachycardia, or an elevated heart rate, is a common side effect of bronchodilator medications used to treat asthma and COPD.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)
4. Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium)

Ans. D

Mood stabilizers like lithium are commonly used to treat bipolar disorder and mood disorders by stabilizing mood and preventing manic episodes.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
4. Corticosteroids

Ans. C

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting the activity of the COX-2 enzyme.

1. Hyperactivity
2. Thinning of the skin (skin atrophy)
3. Photosensitivity
4. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

Ans. B

Thinning of the skin, or skin atrophy, is a common side effect of corticosteroid medications when used for extended periods.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antivirals
4. Antifungals

Ans. A

Antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, disrupting their ability to grow and reproduce.

1. Hair loss
2. Gastrointestinal bleeding
3. Photosensitivity
4. Drug interactions with statins

Ans. C

Photosensitivity is a common side effect of antifungal medications like fluconazole, which can make the skin more sensitive to sunlight.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
4. Antipsychotics

Ans. C

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fever by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins in the body.

1. Cough
2. Excessive thirst
3. Weight gain
4. Insomnia

Ans. A

A common side effect of ACE inhibitors is a persistent cough, particularly in some patients, and it may lead to discontinuation of the medication.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Hypnotics and sedatives (e.g., benzodiazepines)
4. Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs)

Ans. C

Hypnotics and sedatives, including some benzodiazepines, are commonly used to treat insomnia and promote sleep by affecting the central nervous system and GABA receptors.

1. Visual disturbances
2. Drowsiness
3. Gastrointestinal bleeding
4. Excessive sweating

Ans. B

Drowsiness is a common side effect of benzodiazepines, which have sedative properties and can cause drowsiness and reduced alertness.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Colchicine
4. Uricosurics (e.g., probenecid)

Ans. D

Uricosuric medications like probenecid are commonly used to treat gout by reducing the production of uric acid in the body and increasing its excretion through the kidneys.

1. Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels)
2. Drowsiness
3. Hair loss
4. Weight gain

Ans. A

Hyperkalemia, or high potassium levels, is a common side effect of ARBs, as they can affect the balance of electrolytes in the body.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine)
4. Non-opioid analgesics (e.g., NSAIDs)

Ans. C

Opioid analgesics like morphine are commonly used to relieve pain by blocking pain signals in the brain and spinal cord, providing powerful pain relief.

1. Dizziness
2. Increased appetite
3. Constipation
4. Respiratory depression

Ans. D

Respiratory depression is a potential side effect of antitussive medications, especially if taken in excess, as they can suppress the cough reflex and respiration.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
4. Statins (e.g., atorvastatin)

Ans. D

Statins like atorvastatin are commonly used to treat high cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol production in the liver.

1. Increased urination
2. Drowsiness
3. Hair loss
4. Excessive thirst

Ans. B

Drowsiness is a common side effect of antiemetic medications, as they can affect the central nervous system and cause sedation.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antidepressants
4. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)

Ans. D

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly used to treat seizures and epilepsy by stabilizing abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

1. Dizziness
2. Increased appetite
3. Constipation
4. Respiratory depression

Ans. D

Respiratory depression is a potential side effect of antitussive medications, especially if taken in excess, as they can suppress the cough reflex and respiration.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antipsychotics
4. Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate)

Ans. D

Stimulants like methylphenidate are commonly used to treat ADHD by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, improving focus and impulse control.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Orexin receptor antagonists
4. Melatonin agonists (e.g., ramelteon)

Ans. D

Melatonin agonists like ramelteon are used to treat insomnia by targeting melatonin receptors in the brain and regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

1. Drowsiness
2. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
3. Orthostatic hypotension
4. Metabolic syndrome and weight gain

Ans. D

Metabolic syndrome and weight gain are common side effects of atypical antipsychotic medications, which can lead to significant health concerns.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Opioid antagonists (e.g., naloxone)
4. Muscle relaxants

Ans. C

Opioid antagonists like naloxone are used to treat opioid overdose by binding to opioid receptors and reversing the effects of opioids, including respiratory depression.

1. Drowsiness
2. Gastrointestinal bleeding
3. Urinary retention
4. Hypokalemia (low potassium levels)

Ans. C

Urinary retention is a common side effect of anticholinergic medications used for overactive bladder, as they relax the bladder muscles and can inhibit urination.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Alpha-blockers
4. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil)

Ans. D

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors like sildenafil are commonly used to treat erectile dysfunction by inhibiting PDE5, leading to increased blood flow to the penis and improved erections.

1. Drowsiness
2. Hyperprolactinemia
3. Tardive dyskinesia
4. Orthostatic hypotension

Ans. C

Tardive dyskinesia is a common side effect of some antipsychotic medications and involves involuntary movements of the face and tongue, which can be irreversible.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Antipsychotics
4. Non-stimulant medications (e.g., atomoxetine)

Ans. D

Non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine are used to treat ADHD by increasing the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, providing symptom relief without the stimulant effects.

1. Insomnia
2. Bleeding
3. Excessive thirst
4. Constipation

Ans. B

Bleeding is a common side effect of anticoagulant medications like heparin, as they prevent blood clot formation.

1. Antibiotics
2. Antacids
3. Insulin
4. Antidiabetic agents (e.g., metformin)

Ans. D

Antidiabetic agents like metformin are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose production in the liver.